Real estate Druento: 1 properties and houses for sale

Property for sale - Just a few steps from the charming “Quadrilatero Romano”, in the vibrant heart of Turin’s historic center — near Via Garibaldi and Piazza della Consolata, where the famous Bicerin can be tasted — you can find this exceptionally bright loft, accessible via a private elevator that leads directly to this top-floor apartment. Renovated with a modern taste, the property immediately impresses with its extraordinary natural light, thanks to the many Velux windows, high ceilings, and a spacious open-space living area with a fireplace. The space is made even more captivating by its architectural volume and the elegant transparent glass walls, which lightly divide the areas while revealing the beautiful kitchen with its balcony. The sleeping area, located in a separate area of the apartment, features three bedrooms, a guest bathroom with shower, and the main bathroom with bathtub and access to a small terrace with a view. The building also offers concierge service and a quiet inner courtyard, along with the possibility of a parking space under a separate agreement. Perfect for those who want to fully enjoy the city — its events, nightlife, and museums — without giving up the secluded tranquility of a loft.

Property for sale - Located in one of the most prestigious areas of the center of Turin, in Via Verdi, the property boasts a privileged position a few steps from Piazza Castello, Via Po and the Royal Gardens. Ideal for those who want to live in the heart of the city, surrounded by history, culture and all essential services. Built in 1600, the building was completely renovated in 2000, a renovation that preserved its historic charm while updating it to modern standards. The concierge available all day, combined with the meticulous care of the common areas, guarantees an exclusive and safe environment. The apartment, large in size and maintained in excellent condition, stands out for its functional distribution of spaces, characterized by ceilings over 4 meters high. Upon entering, you are welcomed into a large living room that is striking for its brightness, thanks to two large, high-height windows, which give a sense of openness and warmth to the environment. The fine parquet, in doussie wood, covers the entire living area, creating a welcoming and highly elegant atmosphere. The living room, equipped with a Tv area, bookcases and a large dining table, is perfect for entertaining guests and enjoying moments of relaxation. Adjacent to the living room is the eat-in kitchen with direct access to a long balcony also shared with the living room, overlooking the well-kept and quiet internal courtyard. There is also a very comfortable and functional laundry room. The internal layout is well organized thanks to a corridor that separates the living area from the sleeping area, which includes a first bathroom, a closet and then separated by a further hallway a master bedroom and a second bedroom, both with a view of Via Verdi and a suggestive glimpse of the Mole Antonelliana. The apartment is equipped with all modern comforts and among the features that stand out, in addition to the ceilings over 4 meters high, which enhance the spaciousness of the rooms, there are wooden window frames with double glazing that guarantee excellent thermal and acoustic insulation, certified and compliant systems, as well as an armored door, a volumetric and perimeter alarm system and finally the independent air conditioning equipped with three splits. In the basement, the property is completed by a cellar. Finally, there is the possibility of purchasing two garages in the immediate vicinity, about 200 meters away, essential for those who want the convenience of parking in such a central area. For informa

Property for sale - The elegant building, erected in 1980, is an example of architecture that combines the charm of the past with modernity: arranged on four levels, it is in an impeccable condition, the result of a careful renovation in 2000. The interiors of this property stand out for their frescoed ceilings, authentic works of art created by exponents of the Academy of Fine Arts, which transform the transition spaces into authentic art galleries, giving the property an aura of creativity and refinement. The basement, transformed into a charming waiting room, reveals a large waiting area with a welcoming seating area, ideal for meetings, an area dedicated to dinners with kitchen and service. The presence of a heating plant and a strong room underline the versatility of this space, making it suitable for multiple uses. The mezzanine floor houses a room of the highest quality, characterized by a prestigious entrance with exposed columns that overlook a large reception: two representative offices, a waiting room, a bathroom with dressing room and a storage room complete this level. The two offices have splendid decorated coffered ceilings, fine workmanship by a craftsman who took inspiration from church doors. On the first floor, further functional spaces include a second reception area, double bathroom, double bedrooms and further storage room. Access to the magnificent 70 m2 terrace adds a touch of exclusivity, offering an outdoor space and an excellent view. An attic floor completes the property, accessible by an internal staircase. The courtyard paved with self-locking cars covers an area of approximately 250 m2, with olive trees and carefully cared for plants, allowing access to the large 50 m2 garage with stacked mezzanine. Independent heating system, with air on the ground floor and gas on the remaining floors. Second generation wooden double-glazed windows, impeccable systems and high-standing finishes give this property a distinctive character, while the leasing over the years to banking institutions looking for a representative office underlines its vocation as a prestigious property cadastral category A /10 For information: Gieffe Patrimoni Real Estate Advisor, Turin – London – Alba – Milan – Rome. (+39) 011 / 76,000. 11.

Property for sale - Adjacent to Via Carlo Alberto and a stone's throw from Piazza Bodoni, there is the building that houses the commercial space. In a building from the 19th century, it has excellent visibility thanks to the three windows on the street, including the entrance, and is spread over approximately 109 commercial square meters on two levels between the ground floor and the mezzanine. The property has hosted a well-known high-quality clothing sales business for more than 40 years, and is therefore elegantly furnished using the rooms in a functional manner. It is composed of a large room with three windows along Via dei Mille, exit to the internal courtyard of the condominium, and internal staircase leading to the mezzanine floor where there is a further large room for sale. Born as the union of two real estate units, the property is therefore part of two adjacent condominiums, on the 2nd and 4th. The management costs are very low, from a consultative level around 1300 euros per year for ordinary ones, and 1000 euros per year for heating, centralized with thermovalves. Possibility of renting the concierge, currently linked to the property for sale, at €330/month which gives ample additional space to the property, a shop window and access to the condominium entrance hall as well as a safe room. For information: Gieffe Patrimoni Real Estate Advisor, Turin – London – Alba – Milan – Rome. (+39) 011 / 76.000. 11.

Property for sale - The property is located inside the historic Palazzo Bruni, built in the 1600s over the remains of the Roman town of Carreum Potentia, and passed by the nobles of the Fassati Roero San Severino ai Bruni.The building is embellished internally with paintings by authors of the caliber of Guarino Guarini: thanks to the renovation in 1993, part of the building was divided into apartments which therefore have the honor and the burden of hosting these frescoed rooms bound by the Superintendency of Fine Arts.The apartment extends for 180 square meters on three levels: with an entrance from the first floor, you enter the reception room with fine details such as paintings and fireplace which, through modern furnishings, make the environment extremely suggestive.The living room leads to a hallway which gives access to the eat-in kitchen, a bathroom with a balcony and a closet.The staircase in the kitchen leads to the second floor where the sleeping area is located: a master bedroom, a study / office (which can be used as a bedroom) and a bathroom. A further spiral staircase leads to an attic which includes a bedroom, a closet and a bathroom.The property includes a garage suitable for larger vehicles and a parking space in the common courtyard.Renovated apartment with attention to detail, creating a relationship between modern and fascinating history.Although the apartment is located in the historic center of Chieri, it enjoys privacy and tranquility the double exposure of the apartment, south-west, also allows you to have bright rooms throughout the day.The heating is autonomous with natural gas and there is an air conditioning system with different splits in the property.Property exempt from energy certification as an asset of historical, artistic and archaeological interest.For information:GIEFFE Patrimoni Real Estate Advisor, Turin - London - Alba - Milan - Rome.(+39) 011 / 76.000. 11.

Property for sale - With a view of Superga, in a peaceful setting and immersed in the surrounding nature, there is the building for sale. The result of the division of an independent building, the portion of the building is free on three sides and arranged on two levels. On the ground floor there are two bedrooms, bathroom and room used as a garage while on the first floor a bedroom and barn. The property has a garden that surrounds the property of about 300 square meters The position is enviable for its tranquility and the presence of the surrounding greenery and is also very convenient for the motorway. Building to be totally redeveloped, total building area 360. For information: Gieffe Patrimoni Real Estate Advisor, Turin – London – Alba – Milan – Rome. (+39) 011 / 76.000. 11.

Property for sale - Situated in the splendid setting of the Turin hills, the prestigious property stands in a dominant position in Baldissero Torinese, offering an enchanting panoramic view of the surrounding nature and hills. Despite its private location, the property is not isolated, ensuring maximum privacy without sacrificing the convenience of nearby services. The property, with a commercial surface area of 800 square meters, is spread over four levels, combining elegance and comfort in every detail. In the basement, the property boasts a large tavern perfect for moments of relaxation and conviviality, a spectacular indoor swimming pool for maximum luxury and well-being, as well as a garage that can accommodate up to four cars. On the floor there is also a hallway, double bathroom and cellar as well as a technical room. The ground floor is characterized by a very large reception room with large windows, which allow you to enjoy the view of the surrounding nature, and a Versailles parquet that adds a touch of class and refinement. The modern and functional kitchen has a glass window that offers access to an outdoor terrace that surrounds the house, ideal for outdoor dinners and moments of relaxation. On the floor there is a cinema/TV room, bathroom, bedroom, laundry room and kitchen pantry. On the first floor there is the master suite, a sleeping area consisting of a bedroom, a walk-in closet and a bathroom with hydromassage. The floor is completed by two additional bedrooms, a bathroom and an attic that can be used according to needs, offering additional space and versatility. The attic floor represents a functional and versatile space, with further possibilities of use. A terrace with a panoramic view completes the picture, offering an exclusive and suggestive outdoor space. This property is the perfect combination of luxury, elegance and comfort, ideal for those looking for a prestigious residence immersed in the tranquility of the Turin hills just a few minutes from Turin. For information: Gieffe Patrimoni Real Estate Advisor, Turin – London – Alba – Milan – Rome. (+39) 011 / 76.000. 11.

Property for sale - On the third and top floor of a period building in the center of Turin (Via Andrea Doria area), the apartment has undergone a complete and skilful renovation, developed through the skill of a renowned architects' studio who have placed the focus on the combination of modernity and classicism while maintaining the extreme natural brightness of the apartment. The distribution of the interior spaces develops as follows, large entrance hall which leads to the living area, characterized by a living room with vaulted brick ceiling, fireplace and large windows as well as access to a balcony. Subsequently you have access to the large kitchen also characterized by a fireplace and an American kitchen with a central island and a modest-sized study from which you have access to all the rooms previously mentioned. The sleeping area divided into two areas, one belonging to the master and one dedicated to guests, offers three bedrooms, one of which is equipped with a dressing room, possibly treatable in the en suite bathroom, a room with a balcony and the room dedicated to guests too. It has an en suite dressing room. To complete the rooms there are two large bathrooms with bathtub and shower. The property is completed by a laundry room, a cellar in the basement and a non-owned parking space inside the courtyard. For information: Gieffe Patrimoni Real Estate Advisor, Turin - London - Alba - Milan - Rome. (+39) 011 / 76.000. 11.

Property for sale - The lot is located in Piobesi Torinese, with the Candiolo railway station approximately 4 km away, providing direct connections to Turin and other major cities in the region, while at road level, the lot is located approximately 10 km from the A55 motorway (Turin Southern Ring Road), which allows rapid access to both the city of Turin and other major motorway arteries in northern Italy. This location facilitates efficient logistics for the transport and loading/unloading of goods, making the area also suitable for commercial and manufacturing activities. The area has a total surface area of approximately 30,000 m2, with a significant portion, approximately 10,500 m2, already occupied by existing structures built in 1960. In the past, it was used as a woodworking factory, with significant export activity worldwide. The land is in excellent condition and does not require coring or remediation, an aspect that facilitates immediate future developments. The total land area (St) is 29,979 m2, while the land area (Sf) available for new construction or extensions covers 21,055 m2. Based on the variant of the municipal master plan, this lot benefits from a series of additional intended uses. In fact, it is permitted to use it for retail trade, specifically for neighborhood shops, allowing the development of small sales outlets that meet local needs. It is also possible to allocate it to social housing projects, offering affordable housing to meet the growing housing demand in the area. Another option is to use it as a Residential Health Care Facility (Rsa), to accommodate personal care facilities, particularly aimed at seniors. Finally, the lot is suitable for hosting artisanal service activities compatible with the residence, ideal for small workshops and artisan workshops that can coexist with the surrounding residential areas. Thanks to its location, connections and approved intended uses, this lot offers great versatility for different real estate projects. The large size and the possibility of residential, commercial or artisanal use make the lot interesting for investments aimed at developing a micro-district integrated between commerce and residence. The property in its current state consists of various cadastral categories, including D/1 (factory) and two A/2 (civilian dwellings). For information: Gieffe Patrimoni Real Estate Advisor, Turin – London – Alba – Milan – Rome. (+39) 011 / 76.000. 11.

Property for sale - 25 minutes from the center of Turin and 3 km from the terminus of the 61, in a residential context immersed in the surrounding nature, in an enviable position for tranquility and panoramic views, with a view of the Basilica of Superga, the villa for sale is located. Completed in 2005, the property has fundamental and innovative characteristics for eco-sustainable management: the hybrid heating system allows you to alternate, based on convenience, the use of the methane boiler or the two heat pumps that serve the heating system and domestic hot water thanks to 10 photovoltaic panels for 3 kW positioned on the roof. Double-Glazed, wood and Pvc windows, air conditioning and ventilation with lights on all floors, oil-treated oak flooring, are just some of the details that give value and high standing to the property. Arranged on three levels, it extends on the ground floor through a modern distribution with a large room used as a living area, large kitchen, dining room and bedroom with walk-in closet and large bathroom. The laundry room, the storage room and the technical room complete the floor. In front of the kitchen and living area, a part of the stone courtyard has been created, ideal for hosting outdoor lunches and dinners. The first floor is divided between a very large living room, with fireplace and livable terrace, large kitchen, double bedroom and double bathroom, one with a Jacuzzi. On the attic floor there is a large room, an ideal space to customize according to your interests. The elegant property, completely in handrail, has a roof in perfect condition, equipped with tile stops. Garage of 37 m2, with internal access from a security door and electric opening, with an initial width of 3.28m and which houses two cars. The property is in excellent condition with no maintenance work to be carried out. Very low management costs. Alarm system and video surveillance. Cadastral Category A/7 €1300.00 C/6 €150.00 For information: Gieffe Patrimoni Real Estate Advisor, Turin – London – Alba – Milan – Rome. (+39) 011 / 76.000. 11.

Property for sale - Via Poirino – Two-Bedroom Apartment, New and Fully FurnishedLocated on Via Poirino, a quiet side street off Corso Unione Sovietica, this apartment is conveniently close to services and a short distance from the University of Economics. The building, constructed in 1969, is an elegant brick structure in excellent condition, spanning six floors with only two apartments per floor.Situated on the fourth floor with elevator access, the property offers 107 sqm of commercial space. It features a spacious living room with an open-plan kitchen exceeding 40 sqm, an entrance wardrobe, and a storage room, along with a charming terrace overlooking Via Poirino. The sleeping area, separated by a functional corridor, includes a master bedroom, a generously sized bathroom with both bathtub and shower, a second bedroom/study, and a convenient laundry room. Both bedrooms have access to a spacious balcony facing the large, quiet inner courtyard.The apartment underwent a complete renovation in 2022, encompassing all aspects: plumbing, electrical systems, flooring, doors, significant internal reconfiguration, windows with mosquito nets, and a ducted air conditioning system serving all rooms, all set up for home automation for modern and convenient management.Central heating with thermostatic valves results in an annual cost of approximately €1,500, and ordinary condominium expenses are about €120 per month.The apartment is new and fully furnished, included in the sale price.For information:GIEFFE Patrimoni Real Estate Advisor, Turin – London – Alba – Milan – Rome – Monza.(+39) 011 / 76.000. 11.

Property for sale - Piazza Vittorio Veneto, historic square in the center of Turin, synergy between baroque and neoclassicism, a combination elegantly interpreted by the architect Giuseppe Frizzi who in 1821 designed the buildings surrounding the square. Located on the fifth and top floor with lift, the property is the result of a careful renovation of the entire floor of the building, divided into five apartments: the works, completed in 2016, gave life to a modern floor that combines elegantly with period details. The apartment develops through a large room with open kitchen and consists of a bedroom and a bathroom an elegant internal staircase leads to the mezzanine with bedroom and bathroom. The view on the internal courtyard gives an unusual tranquility and silence for the center of Turin. The apartment is in excellent condition, starting from the oak wood flooring, modern fixtures and services, electrical system, armored door. Underfloor heating and hot / cold air conditioning in every room ensure optimal temperature management. Very bright thanks to the dormer windows, remotely controllable. Very low management costs, which can be estimated at €600 per season for heating, and only €500 for the condominium. Possibility of loading / unloading in the courtyard, the cellar in the basement completes the property. Cadastral category A/4, cadastral income of €280. For information: Gieffe Patrimoni Real Estate Advisor, Turin – London – Alba – Milan – Rome. (+39) 011 / 76.000. 11.

Property for sale - In an exclusive position, entire building for sale with splitting project into residential units. At 500 meters from Via Roma, the property extends for 4000 square meters with the possibility of creating more than 30 residential units. Possibility of silos for 20 cars. More information upon agreement of confidentiality and meeting with interested parties exclusively in the studio. For information: Gieffe Patrimoni Real Estate Advisor, Turin - London - Alba - Milan - Rome. (+39) 011 / 76.000. 11.

Property for sale - In the famous Via Pietro Micca, precisely between Via Xx Settembre and Via San Tommaso is located Palazzo Bellia. Built in 1894, it represents one of the first experiments of Turin Liberty, quickly becoming an emblem of the most representative stylistic figure of Turin. Thanks to the work of the architect Carlo Ceppi who designed the building, the latter is among the first examples in Turin to use the Systeme Hennebique and therefore the use of reinforced concrete for the construction of the floors. The decorations that embellish the building are different, starting from the portico whose underlying features trilobate arches supported by columns with capitals, elegant balconies, decorative elements in litho-cement, and finally the most emblematic bow windows that are an integral part of the apartments. Located on the third floor with elevator, the property extends over a surface area of 245 square meters. Arranged in a functional manner, the apartment has a large entrance hallway with a guest bathroom and laundry. Continuing, there is a first room of good size, a study/office, and the corridor that allows access to all the other rooms: first the double living room and the kitchen of considerable size, and then the sleeping area. The latter is composed of the master bedroom, with en suite bathroom and bow window, and the other two bedrooms with a bathroom. The internal courtyard side has a spacious balcony that runs along the entire side of the property. Embellished with high ceilings and original quality materials, the apartment has been carefully renovated, equipping the property with completely new systems, adding double glazing to the original fixtures, and air conditioning subject to the monumental constraint looming over the building. The floors differ on various types of parquet, between the original ones and those laid later. Served by concierge, central heating. Pertaining to the property, attic on the fifth floor of the building. For information: Gieffe Patrimoni Real Estate Advisor, Turin – London – Alba – Milan – Rome – Monza. (+39) 011 / 76.000. 11.

Property for sale - Candiolo, Single house for sale of 173 Sq. Mt., Good condition, Heating Individual heating system, Energetic class: G, Epi: 123 kwh/m2 year, placed at Ground on 2, composed by: 7 Rooms, Separate kitchen, , 2 Bedrooms, 1 Bathroom, Double Box, Elevator, Garden, Price: Eu. 399,000

Property for sale - Aurora, Torino, Penthouse for sale of 93 Sq. Mt., New construction, Heating Individual heating system, Energetic class: A4, placed at 5° on 5, composed by: 2 Rooms, Show cooking, , 1 Bedroom, 1 Bathroom, Elevator, Price: Eu. 229,000

Property for sale - Aurora, Torino, Apartment for sale of 73 Sq. Mt., New construction, Heating Individual heating system, Energetic class: A4, placed at 2° on 5, composed by: 2 Rooms, Kitchenette, , 1 Bedroom, 1 Bathroom, Elevator, Price: Eu. 183,000

Property for sale - Aurora, Torino, Apartment for sale of 108 Sq. Mt., New construction, Heating Individual heating system, Energetic class: A4, placed at 2° on 5, composed by: 3 Rooms, Kitchenette, , 2 Bedrooms, 2 Bathrooms, Elevator, Price: Eu. 284,000

Property for sale - Villa for sale in Turin (To) - Colle della Maddalena Built in the 70s by the Turin architect Enzo Dolci, the Villa is an imposing solution to say the least, a masterpiece surrounded by greenery that offers a unique charm and total privacy and confidentiality. The property was built according to the needs of the era in which it was constructed and is spread over three floors for over 1,100 m2 of interior space. On the ground floor, we can find the majestic double-height living room, characterized by the presence of large windows overlooking the infinity pool, from which you can admire the city of Turin. We also find a kitchen, a dining room, a second living room, the master bedroom with two bathrooms and two walk-in closets and three other bedrooms, all with en-suite bathrooms. On the first floor, however, we find a large 140 m2 lounge that overlooks the main living room on the ground floor. The floor is completed by a further bedroom with en-suite bathroom and an enchanting green space, created in the open-air courtyard. The basement is dedicated to spaces for entertainment, relaxation and management of the villa. There is a service apartment, a gym, a cinema room, a sauna, a large garage and technical rooms. The dimensions of the external walls are important, created to ensure excellent thermal insulation that allows for pleasant air conditioning in both summer and winter. Furthermore, the house, thanks to the imposing windows, enjoys a magnificent light that blends with the surrounding greenery, thus offering a perfect continuity between the luxury of the interior spaces and the charm of nature. The luxury extends outside with the presence of a park of over a hectare and an infinity pool that blends with the city skyline. Location and connections: Colle della Maddalena is a hilly area located below the City of Turin, about 10 km from the city center. The villa is connected to the main roads and to the surrounding cities. For air connections, Turin Airport is approximately 43 minutes away by car. The villa is close to renowned locations: such as Turin, Milan, an important economic and cultural center, can be easily reached in about an hour via the motorway.

Property for sale - In Corso Vinzaglio corner of Via Cernaia, not far from Porta Susa station, bright apartment in period building with large terrace on the second floor with lift and concierge. The property comprises an entrance hall, double living room, dining room, eat-in kitchen with frescoed ceiling, three bedrooms, the master bedroom with en suite bathroom, walk-in closet, bathroom and laundry room. Through the kitchen you access a splendid large internal courtyard terrace, facing south. The property is full of period details, original parquet in the living room and bedrooms. Possibility of taking over the lease of a double garage and a cellar completes the property. Cadastral category A/2, 8 rooms, cadastral income €2,138.13. Convenient to all services. Land registry updates possibly in progress. Therefore, all the data reported above do not constitute contractual elements or prerequisites.

Property for sale - Inside one of the most elegant buildings in Piazza Bodoni, we offer a unique and refined apartment. The presence of a mezzanine area, which makes the most of the height of the first noble floor, makes the structure more dynamic, creating a combination of classic and modern style. The apartment consists of an entrance that leads to a bright living area with open kitchen, living area, two bedrooms with private bathroom, a second bathroom with anteroom for the living area. An internal designer staircase leads to the mezzanine floor, where there is a large space that can be used as a study or relaxation area, a third bedroom, a closet and a third bathroom. The apartment also has a concierge service. Piazza Bodoni is one of the most prestigious squares in the city, surrounded by buildings of historical and architectural value once intended for the Savoy nobility. Its construction dates back to 1835 and its pedestrianization to 2002, a characteristic that makes it an ideal location for residence.

Property for sale - Unique Location - In the heart of the Gran Madre we offer for sale an entire building of approx. 350 m2 with a garden of approx. 330 m2, approx. Over 130 m2 of basement and garage. The building, constructed in the 1930s and raised in 1955, needs to be renovated. It currently consists of three apartments. On the mezzanine floor there is an apartment with independent access, consisting of a lounge, kitchen, three bedrooms, two bathrooms and hallways. Small terrace and two accesses to the garden. On the first floor there are two apartments currently occupied. The first consists of a living room, two bedrooms, kitchen and bathroom the second consists of a living room, bedroom, kitchen, bathroom, terrace. Leases expiring on 31/1/2026 and 30/9/2026 The property is being sold Exclusively as a whole. cat. A/7, 7.5 rooms, cadastral income €2,285.32 - cat. A/7, 4.5 rooms, rc €1,371.19 - cat. A/7, 4 rooms, rc €1,218.84 - cat. C/6, size 22 m2, rc €143.16 Ape Class F, 303.5 EPgl,nren - Class F, 248.3 EPgl,nren - Class E, 175.17, EPgl,nren The sale of the property is subject to the release of authorization by the Superintendency of Cultural Heritage (Dl 22/1/2004 n. 42) and authorization by the Court.

Property for sale - In an elegant period building in the heart of Turin, a few steps from the Mole Antonelliana, we offer for sale a large apartment, full of charm and brightness. The property consists of an entrance hall, kitchenette, large living room, two bedrooms, a study and a bathroom. To complete the property, a cellar in the basement. Thanks to the double exposure, the apartment enjoys excellent brightness throughout the day. The central location and proximity to the main cultural and historical points of interest of the city give added value to the home. Land registry updates possibly in progress. Therefore, all the data reported above do not constitute contractual elements or prerequisites.